Q 1.According to the text, how do the views of stronger, more developed critical thinkers toward authority differ from those in earlier stages of cognitive development? 2.Briefly, in your own words, state how the text defines "expert." 3.When presented with a claim unsupported by reasons (for example, "the health risks of vaping have been underestimated"), what three options does a critical thinker have to evaluate such a claim? 4.Is the following statement true or untrue? Explain your answer. "If a claim cannot be confirmed by an independent investigation, then it must be false."