From this perspective, the Allies won because their benign, more-integrated societies allowed them to totally mobilize for war, while the conservative, even reactionary attitudes of the Nazis and the Japanese ensured that they lost. In World War II, the Allies fought the Axis on land, in the air, and at sea. For me, it was Hitler and his generals’ underestimation of the Red Army, coupled with their ideology--immersed faith in their own superiority, that was most decisive to German defeat. Not all commanders succumbed to this mindset during the run-up to the invasion of the Soviet Union, but many did.