The video first talks about the direct quoting. A direct quotation is when you quote an academic source or reference word for word in your essay, using quotation marks and a reference (an in-text reference or footnote) to indicate that the words belong to another author and where you found them. Paraphrasing is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words. Example given in the video shows the direct quoting and using intext and paraphrasing the quote in own words. Summarizing the paragraph, in the video the example shows how it is paraphrased and summarized putting intext by giving credit to the author. Common knowledge: something that is understood generally.