1. The article does indeed use three different studies. The advantages of using diverse methodology to answer a research question include increasing our confidence that the research reflects causality of behavior. Like mentioned in previous chapters, with more replication as well as using different experiments to support a sole hypothesis, we are increasing the validity of the claim we are trying to purport. 2. The researchers reached the conclusion that negative expectations of an event do not positively or negatively affect a person post-event, as seen by the three events. It was seen repeatedly that while expectations did alter before the event, they were of no consequence following the event.