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"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”
– Nelson Mandela

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Exam-1

Exam-1

Q Please answer the following short answer questions. Answers should be clear and concise to address the main points of each topic as discussed in the subsequent weeks with a minimum of 250 words. An associated diagram/graph should be drawn (student-created) or included from the Internet (please include the URL) to help clarify any of your points. Utilize the checklist below to assist with completion of each essay answer: 10 points: The information is correct and the main points of the topic are explained appropriately. 5 points: A personal example or an application is included, which effectively help to strengthen the topic's points. 5 points: An appropriate diagram/graph is included to enhance the topic's points. The diagram/graph could be student-created or an image from the Internet (please include the URL). 5 points: There are no grammatical and/or spelling errors. 5 points: Each topic question is answered in a minimum of 250 words. Short Answer Topic #1: • Explain the action potential of a cardiac pacemaker cell. • Explain the action potential of a cardiomyocyte cell.

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1. SA nodes is the primary pacemaker cell . SA node initiates an impulse and it is also responsible in the rhythmicity of the heart beat .Pacemaker cells generates spontaneous action potentials that are also termed as slow response action potential due to the slow depolarization of the membrane . SA node cells do not have any resting potentials but instead generates regular , spontaneous action potentials .The depolarizing current is carried into the cell by relatively slow Ca+2 ions instead of sodium ions. There is no Na + channels and the currents operating in the SA nodal cells. So the action potential in the cardiac pacemaker cell is termed as slow response.